Dark Tongues constitutes a sustained exploration of a perplexing fact that has never received the attention it deserves. Wherever human beings share a language, they also strive to make from it something new: a cryptic idiom, built from the grammar that they know, which will allow them to communicate in secrecy. Such hidden languages come in many shapes. They may be playful or serious, children鈥檚 games or adults鈥� work. They may be as impenetrable as foreign tongues, or slightly different from the idioms from which they spring, or barely perceptible, their existence being the subject of uncertain, even unlikely, suppositions.
It was in the Renaissance that writers across Europe first noted that willfully obscure languages had come into use. A varied cast of characters 鈥� lawyers, grammarians, and theologians 鈥� denounced these new forms of speech, arguing that they were tools of crime, plotted in tongues that honest people could not understand.
Before the emergence of these modern jargons, however, the artificial twisting of languages served a different purpose. In epochs and regions as diverse as archaic Greece and Rome and medieval Provence and Scandinavia, singers and scribes also invented opaque varieties of speech. They did so not to defraud, but to reveal and record a divine thing: the language of the gods, which poets and priests alone were said to master.
Dark Tongues moves among these various artificial and hermetic tongues. From criminal jargons to sacred idioms, from Saussure鈥檚 work on anagrams to Jakobson鈥檚 theory of subliminal patterns in poetry, from the arcane arts of the Druids and Biblical copyists to the secret procedure that Tristan Tzara, founder of Dada, believed he had uncovered in Villon鈥檚 songs and ballads, Dark Tongues explores the common crafts of rogues and riddlers, which play sound and sense against each other.
"It is the strength of Dark Tongues that it embraces and inspires multi- and interdisciplinary approaches to language in its literary and spoken forms. Heller-Roazen charts an intriguing and unique path through the history of secret language use and interpretation, with the result that, for once, readers will delight in what lies in plain view."鈥�Times Literary Supplement
"In his fascinating Dark Tongues 鈥� which might be construed as either a highly episodic history or a collection of case studies ranging across eras and cultures 鈥� Heller-Roazen investigates this tendency, paying particular attention to those instances when secret language becomes intertwined, if not interchangeable, with poetry."鈥�Bookforum
"That this almost universal tendency of human beings to create secret dialects out of the languages they speak shares something with poetry forms the opening premise for Daniel Heller-Roazen鈥檚 learned, perplexing, and occasionally scintillating new book, Dark Tongues: The Art of Rogues and Riddlers."鈥�Slate
"Dark Tongues is a study in 11 essays of the history of occulting language, from criminal slang of the Middle Ages to Tristan Tzara鈥檚 positing, in the late 1950s, a secret poetic tongue unnoticed by literary historians. Heller-Roazen is an elegant and erudite scholar, author of books about the history of the senses, the way languages die, and the figure of the pirate in the era of nation-states. . . . Look again at turns of phrase and thought that we dismiss as cant, and in light of Heller-Roazen鈥檚 history of elite and hidden speech we may have to ask uncomfortable questions."鈥�Blouin
"After reading Dark Tongues, one can no longer underestimate such varieties of speech as slang, jargon and thieves鈥� cant. For this reason alone this book is to be emphatically recommended. But also because it casts a new light on the meaning and function of language for that which we are 鈥� a new and aesthetic light, which is all too often obscured in the scholarly world."鈥擡va-Maria Engelen, Neue Z眉rcher Zeitung
"On this learned itinerary, Daniel Heller-Roazen deciphers the most obscure of poems and jargons, touching upon the truth of language鈥art rogue, part riddler: here the wise Comparative Literature professor may have painted his self-portrait."鈥擬athieu Potte-Bonneville, Le Monde
鈥淒aniel Heller-Roazen鈥檚 brilliance and originality, the depth and range of his scholarship, are inspiring: if you loved (as I did) Heller-Roazen鈥檚 archaeology of the vanished in Echolalias, you will love this book too. Dark Tongues is aimed at readers fascinated by the ways of words, language, and its users. Here is God鈥檚 post-Babel plenty. Dark Tongues is a rare and delectable treat.鈥濃�� Roberta Frank, Marie Borroff Professor of English, Yale University
鈥淚 am one of many poets who have considered Daniel Heller-Roazen鈥檚 books essential reading ever since Echolalias. Once again, in Dark Tongues, he evinces his accustomed depth and range of intelligence and scholarship. His aphoristic prose style, with its sense of mischief and wit, reaches its apogee in this meditation on rogues, riddlers, linguists and poets. Heller-Roazen continues his exploration into almost buried tongues, illuminated by his belief in the power and mystery of poetry. He is the Joycean juggler of words and letters constantly in motion, shifting with twists and turns that yield to, yet resist even the most erudite of interpretations.鈥濃�� Susan Howe, author of That This and Souls of the Labadie Tract
鈥淚n this brilliant book, Heller-Roazen descends into the half-world of literary history to which rogue and riddling poets have been exiled. His archeology of 鈥榙ark tongues鈥� reveals the consummate mastery of language displayed by rogue poets. No one plumbs the arcane depths of poetry better than Heller-Roazen, and never more so than in Dark Tongues.鈥� 鈥� Stephen G. Nichols, James M. Beall Professor Emeritus of French and Humanities, Johns Hopkins University
